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FM Moulator with IC 555

Minggu, 15 Mei 2011 by skemarangkaian

FM Modulator circuit is a simple FM modulation circuit using IC 555, where the resulting modulated signal has a tenuous meeting depends on the signal frequency information. 

FM Moulator with IC 555

FM Moulator with IC 555 schematics

The resulting signal can be spelled out quite nice and stable so that the result will be more perfect. No winding or inductor in series modulator, so you do not need to bother to make a winding and calculate the value of the coil that you created it. With this circuit the desired value of frequency modulation can be obtained easily by calculating the frequency of IC 555 in general, which is determined by the resistor 6.8 K and 3.3 K and 0.1 UF capacitor. To obtain the other frequencies of your stay replace one or all three components.

Actually fm modulator ic 555 circuit is very simple though, but I think it reliable enough to handle a simple application purposes that do not require a big power or a very high frequency. But if you want more power you can add the RF amplifier circuit at the output of this circuit. Thus, the results of modulated signal can be amplified with the help of a series of supporters. In accordance with my experimental series modulators can work well at frequencies below the MHz range, because it is not IC IC 555 which is devoted to support of a very high frequency. You can use oscilltor transistor circuit, XTAL or others if you need a very high frequency.

The difference circuit with IC 555 on the multivibrator circuit in general is the use of pin 5, on the FM Modulator circuit is pin 5 of IC 555 is used as input information signal, which in turn will influence the shape of the output signal (modulated). But in applying this 5 pin multivibrator functions normally associated with 0.01 UF capacitor or left alone.

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Pulse generator circuit with Logic Gate

by skemarangkaian

Pulse generator circuit above is a pulse generator that uses logic gates. There are so many types and variations that can generate a series of pulses.

The simplest is the use of transistors or often called a flip-flop. There also are using integrated circuit such as IC 555. There's more to exploit the resonance of the capacitor and inductor relationship as oscillators. To be sure whatever form and whatever the circuit components used must be able to generate electric waves which have a peak voltage (logic 1) and valleys (logic 0) is continuous.



Any variation of pulse generator circuit design has advantages and disadvantages of each, just how your decision for the appropriate circuit. For example to create a clock signal for a simple utility that you can only take advantage of the transistor but if you need a more accurate clock signal and form a perfect balance you can use IC Astable or logic gates. Or perhaps you need a signal with very high frequency (up to MHz) you can use a combination of inductor, resistor and capacitor.

Frequency value of the pulse generator circuit gate above is determined by the value kapaitor C2, R2, R3 and VR2. The greater the value of these components will lower the frequency and vice versa. Actually nothing is difficult to make a series of pulse generators, almost all time-based series is utilizing the nature of the charge and discharge capacitor. Therefore, like any form of variations in pulse generator circuit, always have a larger capacitor value will make the frequency produced smaller or longer periods of time, sedangkaan smaller capacitor values ​​will result in greater output frequency.

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RF Amplifier IC

Jumat, 06 Mei 2011 by skemarangkaian

RF amplifier IC is a type of electronic amplifier used to convert low-power radio frequency signal into a larger signal strength is important, usually for driving a transmitting antenna. This is usually optimized for high-efficiency, high output power (P1dB) of compression, loss of income on the input and output, better benefits, and optimal heat dissipation.



RF Amplifier IC
RF Amplifier IC
To make our amplifiers can also use transistors or IC OP Amp. In the op amp is actually a transistor that is in the form of a series so it's easier to use.

Suppose that is used in the amplifier IC Op Amp 741 is a monolithic high performance electronic components that use Fairchild epitacial process. IC Op Amp 741 is an IC in which packed a differential circuit. The data sheet of IC Op Amp 741.

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Frequency to Voltage Converter

Kamis, 28 April 2011 by skemarangkaian

Overview of IC LM2917 as Frequency to Voltage Converter

IC LM2917 IC chip is designed specifically as a Frequency to Voltage Converter or Frequency to Voltage converter. In its use to applications Frequency to Voltage Converter IC LM2917 requires few external components.

There are several examples of applications of Frequency to Voltage Converter IC LM2917 is supplied in the LM2917 IC datahseet. In this article series Frequency to Voltage Converter IC also taken from the LM2917 datasheet. The advantages of single chip LM2917 Frequency to Voltage Converter is able to provide instantaneous volt output o at time of frequency change 0 Hz.

Frequency to Voltage ConverterVery easy to apply in measuring the output frequency with the formulation of single-chip Frequency to Voltage Converter VOUT = FIN x VCC x R1 x C1. Then the single-chip LM2917 Frequency to Voltage Converter This configuration requires only the RC only in frequncy doublings. And has an internal zener regulator to aimlessly accuracy and stability in frequency-to-voltage conversion process.

Frequency to Voltage Converter
Frequency to Voltage Converter


Feature-owned single-chip LM2917 Frequency to Voltage Converter

  • Reference to ground directly with variable reluctance
  • Op Amp / Comparator with transistor output
  • 50 mA maximum output currents for application directly to the load
  • Frequency doubling untul low ripel
  • Buid in zener
  • Linear output ± 0.3%

Application single chip LM2917 Frequency to Voltage Converter

  • Frequency to Voltage Converter
  • Rotation speed sensor applications
  • Speedometer
  • Tachometer
  • Cruise Control
  • Cluth Control

And other application associated with the measurement of rotation speed or frequency measurements.

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Voltage to frequency converter

by skemarangkaian

Voltage to frequency converter
Changing the voltage to frequency scale in the design of an electronic device is sometimes necessary. The series of articles voltage to frequency converter with the XR 4151 is one answer. Voltage to Frequency converter circuit with the XR 4151 is the idea of time in college, when there are projects to create a tool to hatch chicken eggs.



It will be my neighbor also write articles incubators chicken egg-based microcontroller AT89C2051. Maybe there are friends who still remember to this project. Back to the topic of voltage to frequency converter circuit with the XR 4151. IC XR 4151 is a major component of voltage to frequency converter (Voltage to Frequency Converter).
Voltage to frequency converter

From voltage to frequency converter circuit with XR 4151 on the input signal circuit is a DC voltage level. IC XR4151 on voltage to frequency converter circuit serves to convert the voltage level coming into form in the development of the frequency change, where the output frequency range of voltage to frequency converter with the XR 4151 is proportional to the voltage level input voltage to frequency converter circuit with this 4151 XR.

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Colpitts Oscillator

Senin, 25 April 2011 by skemarangkaian

Colpitts oscillator is very similar to the shunt-fed Hartley oscillator. The principal difference is in the tank circuit. In the Colpitts oscillator, two capacitors are used as replacement coils are divided. Basic oscillator Feedback oscillator colpitts developed using the "electrostatic field" through the capacitor divider network.



Oscillator Colpitts

Colpitts oscillator frequency is determined by two capacitors connected in series and inductors. Voltage to the base provided by R1 and R2 while for emiitor given by R4. Collector voltage given back by connecting to the positive part of the VCC through R3. This resistor (R3) also functions as a collector load. Transistor is connected with the emitter-joint configuration. When the DC power supplied to the circuit, current flows from the negative part of V CC through R4, Q1 and R3. IC currents flowing through R3 causes a decrease in the voltage VC with a positive price. Voltage changes to negative direction are supplied to the top of the C1 through C3. The lower part of C2 positively charged and the voltage flowing to the base voltage so that the IB price rises.

Transistors Q 1 will increasingly berkonduksi until the saturation point. When Q 1 to the saturation point there was no increase in IC and VC changes will also be halted. There is no feedback to the C2. Magnetic fields C1 and C2 will be disarmed through the L1 and the subsequent magnetic field around it will disappear. Emptying flow persists for a moment. C2-chip bottom becomes negatively charged and pieces of the upper positively charged C1. This will reduce the forward voltage of Q 1 and the IC will be decrease. Price V C will begin to rise. This increase will be fed back to the top of the chip C1 through C3. C1 will charge more positive and the bottom of the C2 becomes more negative.

This process continues until Q 1 to the cutoff point. When Q 1 to the cutoff point, no current I C. No feedback voltage to the C1. Combined charge collected on the C1 and C2 stripped through L1. Currents flowing from the bottom of disarmament to the top of C1 C2. C2 negative charge will eventually run out and the magnetic field around L1akan disappeared. Currents that flow continues. C2 puck into the lower positive charge and the chips C1 upper negative charge. Positive voltage on C2 interesting Q 1 of the cutoff region. Furthermore, the IC will begin to flow again and the process starts again from this point.

Feedback energy is added to the tank circuit for a moment on any changes. The amount of feedback on Colpitts oscillator circuit is determined by the "ratio
capacitance "C1 and C2. The price of C1 in this circuit is much smaller than the C2 or C1 X> X C2. The voltage on C1 is greater than C2. By creating a smaller C2 would obtain feedback voltage is greater. But by raising the feedback too high will cause distortion. Usually around 10-50%, the collector voltage is returned to the tank circuit as a feedback.

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Buffer Circuit

by skemarangkaian

The series is a series of input buffer equal to the output. In this is such a common collector circuit of air-reinforcement = 1. R value attached to restrict the current use is issued. Great value depends on the indication of its components, is usually not installed or flow is maximized in accordance with the op-amp capability.


Buffer circuit here serves to reinforce the clock signal and synchronization for robust enough to be transmitted through a cable with a considerable distance. buffer circuit should have a fairly low output impedance. because the synchronization clock line and this is the track "bus" that is connected to a series of client (branch) in parallel. output current should also be quite large, so as to move a few branches. output buffer in addition to pulse and synchronization signals can also be used as a source of supply.

Buffer circuit using Darlington pairs that have the advantage as expected above. strengthening the buffer is quite high. R base serves as aretaining basis.Vin flow is the input voltage that comes from a series of MMV ( multivibrator). Where active at the level of ± 6V Vin = VCC.

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Ultrasonic Wave Receiver Circuit

by skemarangkaian

Ultrasonic Wave Receiver
Ultrasonic recipients will receive an ultrasonic signal emitted by an ultrasonic transmitter in accordance with the characteristic frequency. Received signal is going through the process of filtering using the frequency band pass filter circuit, with a frequency value that is passed has been determined.


Then the output signal will be amplified and passed to the comparator circuit (comparator) with a reference voltage determined based on the amplifier output voltage when the distance between the sensor mini vehicles with bulkhead / retaining walls to reach the minimum distance for the turn direction. Comparator output can be considered under these conditions is high (logic '1 '), while longer distances are low (logica'0'). Binary logics are then forwarded to the circuit controller (microcontroller).



The working principle of ultrasonic wave receiver circuit are as follows:

  • First - the first received signal will be strengthened first by the circuit transistor amplifier Q2.
  • Then the signal will be filtered using a high pass filter at a frequency of> 40kHz by a series of transistor Q1.
  • After the signal is amplified and filtered, then the signal will be rectified by diode D1 and D2 series.
  • Then the signal through a filter circuit low pass filter at a frequency <40kHz through the filter circuit C4 and R4.
  • After that the signal will go through the Op-Amp comparator U3.
  • So when there is an ultrasonic signal into the circuit, then the comparator will issue a logic low (0V), which will then be processed by the microcontroller to calculate the distance.

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Basic Low Pass Filter

by skemarangkaian

Low pass filter is a low-pass filter with low frequency signals but attenuates (reduces the amplitude of) signals with frequencies higher than cutoff frequency. The actual amount of damping for each frequency varies from filter to Filtering.


Sometimes called-high-cut filter, or treble cut filter when used in audio applications. Low-low pass filter is the opposite of the band-pass filter.

Basic Low Pass Filter
Low Pass Filter Basic Circuit


The concept of low-pass filter exists in many forms, including electronic circuits (like a hiss filter used in audio), digital algorithms for smoothing data sets, acoustic barriers, blurring the image, and so forth.

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Astabil Multivibrator

by skemarangkaian

Multivibrator is a relaxation oscillator type. This circuit uses the RC network and the region contribute to the square wave output. Astabel multivibrator used in the TV receiver to control the electron beam on the picture tube. In this series of computers used to develop the pulse time.



Astabil Multivibrator circuit

HOW TO WORK

A multibrator consists of two cross-coupled amplifier. The amplifier output is one connected to another amplifier wedding. Because each penguata reverse input signal, the combined effect of this is in the form of positive feedback. With the feedback posotif, the oscillator will always get the extra energy (regenerative) and produces a continuous output.

The picture above shows the multivibrator circuit using 2 pieces of bipolar transistors with common emitter configuration. R1 and R2 provide bias voltage developed at the base of each transistor. Holding capacitor C1 to the base collector Q1 Q2. Q2 together with capacitor C2 to the base of Q1.

Because of this cross coupling, a transistor will be conductive and the other is the cutoff. The two transistors alternately will live and die so that the outputs are labeled Q or. That output has a polarity reversal.

When the power given to the multivibrator, one transistor will berkonduksi first, let us assume here that berkonduksi Q1 first. With Q1 berkonduksi voltage on R and Vc decreased, so that its value is lower than VCC. As a result akn happened to the negative voltage on C1 and the positive base voltage of Q1 will decrease. Q2 conduction is reduced and the collector voltage equal to VCC. Voltage will be towards the positive on the C2. This voltage is added to the base of Q1 and make it more berkonduksi. This process continues until reaching saturation point Q1 and Q2 to reach the cutoff.


Multivibrator device functioned as a trigger (triggered device) or free-running. Multivibrator trigger requires the input signal / pulse. Multivibrator output is controlled or synchronized by the input signal.
When the output voltage of each transistor achieve stability, then there is no voltage feedback. Q2 will return berpanjar forward through R2. Conduction in Q2 will lead to a decrease in VC. Voltage to the negative direction will be given on the basis of Q1 through C2. Q1 conduction is reduced. Vc in Q1 will rise worth with Vcc. This will tergandeng to the base of Q2 through C1. This process continues until Q2 Q1 reached saturation point and reach the cutoff. The output voltage then becomes unstable and the process will be repeated.

The frequency of oscillation of the multivibrator time constant distentukan by R2 and R3 and C1 and C2. The R2 and R3 are chosen such that each transistor can reach saturation point. C1 and C2 is selected to obtain the desired operating frequency. If C1 = C2 and R2 = R3 then the output will be symmetrical. Means that both transistors will live and die in selag the same time.

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Transmitter - Received AM radio

by skemarangkaian

AM Transmitter circuit 
To this powerful AM transmitters are huge, using ceramic tuning 3.587 mhz resonator and resonator filters are also sold with a value of 5.5 mhz, 7.7 mhz and 10.7 mhz. Distance transmitter range is approximately 2-4 km. the working principle of this circuit are filter resonator/ceramic filters raise the frequency of the value of the resonator filter.


This frequency is amplified by the transistor can be changed t1. Frequency so need C7 as a regulator / placement. sound signal superimposed over the audio transformer.frekuensi which awakened by resonator filters and t1 is fed to the next amplify strengthened so as to achieve the desired power passed to antenna. t2 and t3 as a buffer as a final power amp.


AM Transmitter Schematics


AM radio / receiver circuit
For AM radio because it's hard to find IC ZN 414 then now could be replaced with the equivalent of IC MK 484. Frequency coverage between 550 kHz-1600 mhz, 3 pins of this IC include series of radio tuner, RF amplifiers, automatic gain control, the AM detector. The series voltage regulator or a power transistor made by BC 108B, 4diada IN 4148, 2k7, 820R, and the 10K trimpot, trimpot functions for selectivity of the controller of all series. Then we using a booster class A and class B amplifier for signal modulated not disappear.

AM Received Schematics

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PWM controller with 555 timer chip

Rabu, 20 April 2011 by skemarangkaian

PWM controller with 555 timer chip
IC Timer 555 has a basic PWM controller with pulse width control feature 0 .. 100% which is controlled using the R1, at the time of controlling the oscillator frequency relatively stabi so it may be used to build the Simple PWM controller.

Frequency of Simple PWM controller 555 depending on the value of R1 and C1, values ​​shown R1 and C1 will form the output with a frequency of 170 to 200 Hz. Diode-diode used in the Simple PWM controller With this 555 can use a 1N4148.

R2, R3 and C3 form a giver triger circuit beginning at the reset IC 555 for 2 seconds. If you want to use a series of Simple PWM controller 555 with the V + not +12 V, it does not matter to raise tilapia R2 where (V + * R2) / (R2 + R3) is about 2, because it limits the signal level reset is 0.5 .. 1V. If you do not do that, then signal the kickstart to get too close to the limit reset signal reception.

PWM controller circuit
PWM controller circuit

Q output of 555 on the Simple PWM controller circuit 555 is used for driver PWM pulse, so that the discharge pin is used for transistor output driver instead. This is an open collector output, and is used as an active signal is low, so it can work. D3 protects the output transistor of the load induction. You may replace any suitable transistors for Q1, BD140 is 1.5 amps.

C4 and C5 is the power decoupling capacitor for the IC 555 on the Simple PWM controller circuit 555, which produce relatively large level of push-pull output stage.

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RF-AF signal detector

Sabtu, 16 April 2011 by skemarangkaian

RF-AF signal detector
The series that we will make this is a special electronic circuit can be used to detect the presence or absence of signal AF / RF. The circuit is very neat and simple to make. Costs it takes quite cheap. If you are already assembling this circuit, then with easy reader determine whether there is AF or RF signal at a particular section of a circuit.




Basic circuit uses an audio amplifier and a loudspeaker with switch input for AF and RF signals. The whole device can be made small as possible so it can be included in a container to maintain security. Audio amplifier section in this series created by IC TDA 2822M, with low stereo power amplifier in 8-pin mini-DIP. IC is used as a bridge cofiguration to shrink to 250 mW output power, loudspeaker handle 4 ohm, 500mW. The current required is less than 10mA with voltage of 3V battery.

schemaitcs signal RF-AF detector
RF-AF signal detector schematics


How it Works circuit


When the selector switch in the AF position, working on the input audio signal AF amplifier input (pin 7 of IC 1) through a capacitor C2 and potentiometer VR1. Capacitors C2 always hold input amplifier of the DC voltage and make it happen in the audio signal frequency. Input Signal IC 1 can be arranged with the help of potentiometers VR1.

When the selector switch in position RF and demodulator detector circuit formed by capacitor C1, diode D1, and resistors R1 and R2 are connected to the input The set. When the audio signal is detected then it will actually go kerangkaian to be strengthened. Signal detection is done by plugging probe (probe) on the legs of the existing components.

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Sound Signal Processor with MSP 34X0G

Jumat, 15 April 2011 by skemarangkaian

Sound Signal Processor with MSP 34X0G

IC MSP 34X0G is a single chip that can process voice signals to all TV standard International, and very good for the digital NICAM stereo. In the IC has several advantages, namely:


  1. Communication using the I2C bus control
  2. Selection of a voice signal automatically (mono / stereo / bilingual)
  3. Loudspeaker / headphones are equipped with volume control, bass, treble, loudness and balance
  4. Loudspeaker outputs are equipped with MDB (Micronas Dynamic Bass)
  5. AVC: Automatic Volume Correction
  6. Equipped with Sub woofer output
  7. Have facilities 5-Band graphic equalizer for loudspeaker
  8. Equipped spatial effect for loudspeaker
  9. Equipped with a matrix of voters in / out
  10. Has a SCART 4 stereo inputs, one mono input and 2 stereo SCART output
Block diagram of circuit in the IC MSP34X0G
Block diagram of circuit in the IC MSP34X0G

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Simple FM transmitter with 2N3904

Minggu, 10 April 2011 by skemarangkaian

simple FM transmitter
In this section discuss about the series of mini fm transmitter, with broadcast coverage of about 300-400 meters. when using a 9 volt working voltage, the transmit power of about 300 meters and when using the working voltage 12 volts, the range of about 400-450 meters, depending on the antenna you use.

This scheme of simple fm transmitter
simple FM transmitter

For L1 and L2 windings 5 times the wrap, you can use a pen to fill melilitnya so neat and after lepaslah content of these pens. C5 is used for placement of broadcasting frequencies, can be tuned between 88-108 mhz, to reach further use steering antenna or Yagi antenna.

Part List
C1 = 0.001uF
C2 = 5.6pF
C3 = 10uF
C4 = 10uF
C5 = 3 - 18pF Adjustable capacitor
R1 = 270R
R2 = 4.7K
R3 = 10K
R4 = 100K
R5 = 4.7K
R6 = 4.7K
Q1 = 2N2222A
Q2 = 2N3904
L1 = 5 turn
L2 = 5 turn

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